In the process of cutting is the division of the source material (eg steel plate) on the part or parts of it receive some form. Ways of handling materials are divided into two main groups:
- with mechanical action - scissors cutting, sawing, drilling, milling, stamping, etc.;
- the impact of the jet or thermal effects.
- Gas cutting
- Oxygen;
- Oxygen Flux;
- Cutting oxygen lance
- Electric gas cutting
- Arc-air;
- Oxy-Arc
- Cutting method of electrical erosion
- Plasma cutting
- plasma-arc;
- plasma jet cutting
- Laser and laser cutting
- Oxygen cutting with a laser beam support
- Hydro and water jet cutting
- Cryogenic cutting
The methods of gas cutting of metal is a source of heating gas (oxygen) flame, and sources of electrical energy are used. When oxygen cutting metal is removed from the cutting zone as a result of combustion in a jet of pure oxygen and the blowing of a jet formed oxides.
When the oxygen-flux cutting in the area of the cut is fed a special powder, flux, facilitating the cutting process due to thermal, chemical, and abrasion. When the oxygen lances cut the required temperature created by the combustion of the metal spears (tubes) through which a jet of oxygen blown.
The methods electric gas cutting heating and melting of metal carried source of electric energy, and the removal of melt from the cutting area - the gas jet.
The technology of processing by electrical erosion is based on the destruction of the surface layers of the metal as a result of external influence of the electric charges.
When the plasma-arc cutting electrically conductive material is melted by the heat of the plasma arc and the jet, and carried away the last of the cutting area. When the plasma jet cutting arc has an indirect effect, and can be electrically non-conductive material. Its melting and melt removal from the cutting area by high plasma jet.
Laser cutting is the heating and destruction of material by a laser beam with the removal of a melt stream of the auxiliary gas. For a number of materials used as an auxiliary gas oxygen to support combustion of the material. As a result of the oxidation reaction, an additional heat-enhancing effect of the laser beam.
The laser beam can only be used for heating of the surface area of the metal to a temperature of about 1000 ° C, at which the oxidation of the metal, and then the surface area is served supersonic jet of pure oxygen. This method is called oxygen cutting with the support of a laser beam (LASOX).
With water jet cutting (waterjet cutting) material fracture occurs under the influence of a thin high-speed water jet. Its speed can exceed the speed of sound at times. In waterjet cutting, water jet is added to the abrasive particles (high hard material used for processing products), which increases its destructive power.
One of the very promising technologies for processing materials in the future is the cryogenic cutting. The jet of liquid nitrogen ("cryogenic knife") with a temperature of -150 ° C to -179 ° C, emitted under pressure from hundreds to thousands of atmospheres, can cut even stronger materials.
Each cutting technology has its advantages, disadvantages and the optimal area of application.
TABLE. Comparative characteristics of oxygen, plasma, laser and waterjet cutting
| Parameter | Kind of cutting | |||
| Oxygen | Plasma | Laser | Waterjet | |
| A typical application | metals and their alloys other than stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass, concrete and reinforced concrete, non-ferrous metal (oxy-cutting of Flux) | metals and other electrically conductive materials (plasma-arc cutting), and various non-conducting materials (cutting of the plasma jet) | almost any material | almost any material |
| The characteristic thickness of the metal (mm) | to 1500-2000 and more | is usually up to 50-100 | 40 is usually up to 6-20 | to 300 |
| The typical width of cut (mm) | to 10 | 2-7 | 0.1-1 | from 0.5-1 |
| Quality | low | average | high | very high |
| Productivity cutting (no cutting Batch) | pre-heating, slow speed with a gradual decrease in medium and large thicknesses | rapid burning, very high speed at low and medium thicknesses usually with a sharp decrease with increasing thickness | thicknesses, usually with a noticeable decrease with increasing thickness, long-burning large thicknesses | a very slow speed with a gradual decrease in medium and large thicknesses |
| The zone of thermal influence | large | large | average | minimum |
| Cost of equipment | low | average | high | high |
| Cost of service | low | high | high | high |
See also:
gas welding
plasma welding
laser welding
Cutting technology:
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